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Islamic Internet ArchivesARCHIVE OF MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT

The writings of contemporary Muslim thinkers.

Books, essays and articles from the 19th century to today. Search the full text, read online, download in the format you need, or send a work straight to your Kindle or inbox.

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المعجم Quran Word Corpus Read the Quran word by word, with the grammar and root of every word, a dictionary of roots, search in Arabic and English, a table of verbs and a concordance. Open the Quran tool →
الأعلام

Thinkers through time

  1. 1801 Rifāʿa al-Ṭahṭāwī 1801–1873 · Egypt Scholar
  2. 1817 Rahmatullah Kairanawi 1817–1891 · South Asia / Hijaz Scholar
  3. 1817 Sayyid Ahmad Khan 1817–1898 · British India Reformer
  4. 1838 Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 1838–1897 · Iran / Afghanistan Political activist
  5. 1849 Muḥammad ʿAbduh 1849–1905 · Egypt Theologian
  6. 1856 Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi 1856–1921 · India Hanafi jurist
  7. 1857 Shiblī Nuʿmānī 1857–1914 · British India Historian
  8. 1865 Rashīd Riḍā 1865–1935 · Ottoman Syria Scholar
  9. 1875 Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall 1875–1936 · England Novelist
  10. 1877 Muhammad Iqbal 1877–1938 · British India Poet
  11. 1877 Said Nursi 1877–1960 · Ottoman Empire / Turkey Theologian
  12. 1886 René Guénon / ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Yaḥyā 1886–1951 · France Metaphysician
  13. 1888 ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Rāziq 1888–1966 · Egypt Azhari scholar
  14. 1889 Abd al-Hamid ibn Badis 1889–1940 · Algeria Educator
  15. 1894 Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah 1894–1968 · Kashmir Religious leader and politician
  16. 1894 Muhammad Abdallah Draz 1894–1958 · Egypt Quran scholar
  17. 1900 Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi 1900–1963 · Morocco Historian of the Sous
  18. 1900 Muhammad Asad 1900–1992 · Austria-Hungary Journalist
  19. 1903 Abul Aʿlā Mawdūdī 1903–1979 · British India / Pakistan Theologian
  20. 1903 Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i 1903–1981 · Iran Shia philosopher
  21. 1904 Amin Ahsan Islahi 1904–1997 · Pakistan Scholar
  22. 1905 Malek Bennabi 1905–1973 · Algeria Social philosopher
  23. 1906 Ḥasan al-Bannā 1906–1949 · Egypt Teacher
  24. 1906 Sayyid Quṭb 1906–1966 · Egypt Writer
  25. 1907 Frithjof Schuon 1907–1998 · Switzerland and United States Perennialist philosopher and writer
  26. 1908 Hamka 1908–1981 · Indonesia Scholar
  27. 1908 Muhammad Hamidullah 1908–2002 · Hyderabad / France Jurist
  28. 1909 Martin Lings 1909–2005 · United Kingdom Scholar of Sufism and of Shakespeare
  29. 1909 Taqī al-Dīn al-Nabhānī 1909–1977 · Palestine / Jordan / Lebanon Islamic jurist
  30. 1910 Allal al-Fassi 1910–1974 · Morocco Nationalist leader
  31. 1912 Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al Baz 1912–1999 · Saudi Arabia Grand Mufti
  32. 1914 Abul Ḥasan ʿAlī Nadwī 1914–1999 · South Asia Scholar
  33. 1914 Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani 1914–1999 · Albania / Syria / Jordan Hadith scholar and Salafi reformer; verifier and grader of hadith
  34. 1917 Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda 1917–1997 · Syria / Saudi Arabia Hanafi jurist and hadith scholar
  35. 1917 Mohammed al-Ghazali 1917–1996 · Egypt Islamic scholar
  36. 1918 Ahmed Deedat 1918–2005 · South Africa Muslim missionary
  37. 1919 Fazlur Rahman 1919–1988 · British India / Pakistan Philosopher
  38. 1919 Muḥammad Quṭb 1919–2014 · Egypt, Saudi Arabia Writer on Islamic thought and education
  39. 1919 Murtaḍā Muṭahharī 1919–1979 · Iran Philosopher
  40. 1921 Ismāʿīl al-Fārūqī 1921–1986 · Mandate Palestine Philosopher
  41. 1922 Hussein-Ali Montazeri 1922–2009 · Iran Grand Ayatollah
  42. 1943 Ruhollah Khomeini d. 1989 · Iran Shia jurist and cleric
  43. 1924 Hassan Hathout 1924–2009 · United States Physician
  44. 1925 Alija Izetbegović 1925–2003 · Bosnia and Herzegovina Philosopher
  45. 1925 Wahiduddin Khan 1925–2021 · India Scholar
  46. 1926 Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1926–2022 · Egypt / Qatar Islamic jurist
  47. 1927 Naser Makarem Shirazi b. 1927 · Iran Shia marja
  48. 1928 Mohammed Arkoun 1928–2010 · Algeria Historian of Islamic thought
  49. 1929 Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymin 1929–2001 · Saudi Arabia Islamic scholar
  50. 1929 Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Bouti 1929–2013 · Syria Shafi'i jurist
  51. 1930 Muhammad Mustafa al-A'zami 1930–2017 · Saudi Arabia Ḥadīth scholar; author on the history of the Qurʾānic text
  52. 1931 Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 1931–2026 · Malaysia Philosopher
  53. 1932 Israr Ahmad 1932–2010 · British India / Pakistan Qur'an teacher
  54. 1932 Khurshid Ahmad 1932–2025 · Pakistan / United Kingdom Economist
  55. 1932 Saleh bin Muhammad al-Luhaydan 1932–2022 · Saudi Arabia Judge
  56. 1932 Talal Asad b. 1932 · Saudi Arabia / Britain / United States Anthropologist
  57. 1933 Abdollah Javadi-Amoli b. 1933 · Iran Shia marja
  58. 1933 Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 1933–2001 · Yemen Salafi hadith scholar; founder of Dar al-Hadith in Dammaj
  59. 1933 Seyyed Hossein Nasr b. 1933 · Iran Philosopher
  60. 1933 Süleyman Ateş b. 1933 · Turkey Theologian
  61. 1933 ʿAlī Sharīʿatī 1933–1977 · Iran Sociologist
  62. 1934 Maryam Jameelah 1934–2012 · USA, Pakistan Writer
  63. 1935 Abdallah Bin Bayyah b. 1935 · Mauritania and United Arab Emirates Mālikī jurist
  64. 1935 Mohammad Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 1935–2021 · Iran Shia philosopher
  65. 1935 Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr 1935–1980 · Iraq Jurist
  66. 1935 Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah 1935–2010 · Lebanon Shia marja
  67. 1936 Rafi Usmani 1936–2022 · Pakistan Deobandi mufti
  68. 1938 Laleh Bakhtiar 1938–2020 · United States Sufi scholar
  69. 1940 Fatima Mernissi 1940–2015 · Morocco Sociologist
  70. 1940 Gerd-Rüdiger Puin b. 1940 · Germany Arabist; studied the Ṣanʿāʾ Qurʾān fragments
  71. 1940 Hamid Algar b. 1940 · United States Historian of Iran and Islam
  72. 1941 Abdullah Azzam 1941–1989 · Palestine, Jordan and Pakistan Palestinian-born jurist and ideologue of the Afghan jihad
  73. 1941 Fethullah Gülen 1941–2024 · Turkey Preacher
  74. 1942 Imran N. Hosein b. 1942 · Trinidad and Tobago Islamic scholar and author on eschatology
  75. 1942 Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri 1942–2006 · India Ahl-i Hadith scholar
  76. 1943 Muhammad Taqi Usmani b. 1943 · Pakistan Mufti
  77. 1944 Bakr Abu Zayd 1944–2008 · Saudi Arabia Jurist
  78. 1944 Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki 1944–2004 · Saudi Arabia Hadith scholar
  79. 1944 Quraish Shihab b. 1944 · Indonesia Qur'anic scholar
  80. 1944 Ṭāhā ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. 1944 · Morocco Philosopher
  81. 1945 Abdolkarim Soroush b. 1945 · Iran Philosopher
  82. 1945 Hisham Kabbani 1945–2024 · Lebanon and United States Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi shaykh
  83. 1947 Bilal Philips b. 1947 · Qatar Islamic studies teacher
  84. 1948 Umar Faruq Abd-Allah b. 1948 · United States American Muslim theologian
  85. 1949 Ahmad von Denffer b. 1949 · Germany Researcher and author on the sciences of the Qurʾān
  86. 1949 Khalid Yahya Blankinship b. 1949 · United States Historian of early Islam
  87. 1950 Asma Barlas b. 1950 · United States Political scientist and Qur'an interpreter; professor emerita at Ithaca College
  88. 1950 Safar al-Hawali b. 1950 · Saudi Arabia Theologian and writer
  89. 1951 Javed Ahmad Ghamidi b. 1951 · Pakistan Scholar
  90. 1952 Ali Gomaa b. 1952 · Egypt Jurist
  91. 1952 Amina Wadud b. 1952 · United States / Malaysia Qur'anic exegete
  92. 1952 Mustafa Cerić b. 1952 · Bosnia and Herzegovina Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993-2012)
  93. 1954 Muzaffar Iqbal b. 1954 · Canada Writer on Islam and science
  94. 1954 Nuh Ha Mim Keller b. 1954 · United States and Jordan Shadhili Sufi shaykh
  95. 1955 Wael Hallaq b. 1955 · Palestine / Canada / United States Historian of Islamic law
  96. 1956 Khalid Saifullah Rahmani b. 1956 · India Hanafi jurist
  97. 1956 Sherman Jackson b. 1956 · United States Scholar of Islamic law and theology; King Faisal Chair of Islamic Thought and Culture at USC
  98. 1958 Hamza Yusuf b. 1958 · United States Scholar
  99. 1959 Keith Small 1959–2018 · United Kingdom Manuscript scholar
  100. 1960 Abdal Hakim Murad (T. J. Winter) b. 1960 · United Kingdom Theologian
  101. 1960 Gibril Haddad b. 1960 · Lebanon Hadith scholar
  102. 1960 Shabbir Akhtar 1960–2023 · United Kingdom Philosopher of religion
  103. 1980 Young Muslim Digest India Monthly magazine
  104. 1961 Asma Lamrabet b. 1961 · Morocco Physician
  105. 1982 Jamal Badawi Canada Professor of management
  106. 1962 Tariq Ramadan b. 1962 · Switzerland / Egypt / Europe Islamic studies scholar
  107. 1983 François Déroche France Codicologist
  108. 1963 Khaled Abou El Fadl b. 1963 · United States Islamic jurist
  109. 1963 Muhammad al-Hasan al-Diddu b. 1963 · Mauritania Jurist
  110. 1963 Muhammad al-Yaqoubi b. 1963 · Syria Damascene scholar of Maliki and Hanafi law
  111. 1965 Amir Hussain b. 1965 · United States Scholar of religious studies
  112. 1965 Zakir Naik b. 1965 · South Asia Islamic preacher
  113. 1966 Hatim al-Awni b. 1966 · Saudi Arabia Hadith scholar
  114. 1966 Muhammad al-Mukhtar al-Shinqiti b. 1966 · Mauritania / United States / Qatar Scholar of political ethics and history of religion; writer on Islamic political thought
  115. 1966 Muqtedar Khan b. 1966 · United States Political scientist
  116. 1966 Shahab Ahmed 1966–2015 · Singapore / Pakistan / United States Historian of Islamic thought
  117. 1969 Behnam Sadeghi b. 1969 · United States Scholar of Qurʾānic studies and early Islamic history
  118. 1970 Omid Safi b. 1970 · United States Scholar of Islamic studies and Sufism; professor at Duke University
  119. 1971 Habib Ali al-Jifri b. 1971 · Yemen / Egypt / United Arab Emirates Sufi scholar
  120. 1972 Kecia Ali b. 1972 · United States Scholar of Islamic law
  121. 1994 Louay Safi United States Political scientist
  122. 1975 Sami Ameri b. 1975 · Tunisia Researcher
  123. 1975 Yasir Qadhi b. 1975 · United States Islamic scholar
  124. 1977 Jonathan A. C. Brown b. 1977 · United States Scholar of hadith and Islamic law
  125. 1979 Hafiz Muhammad Zubair b. 1979 · Pakistan Scholar of Islamic studies; associate professor
  126. 1999 Yasin Dutton United Kingdom Scholar of Islamic law and early Qurʾān manuscripts
  127. 2001 Ja'far Sobhani Iran Shia jurist and theologian in Qom
  128. 2001 Mohammad Akram Nadwi United Kingdom Hadith scholar and jurist
  129. 2005 Alba Fedeli Italy Philologist of early Qurʾānic manuscripts
  130. 2005 Zaid Shakir United States Scholar
  131. 1986 Omar Suleiman b. 1986 · United States Imam
  132. 2007 Hafiz Muhammad Zubair South Asia Scholar and teacher
  133. 2007 Ovamir Anjum United States Historian of Islamic thought; Imam Khattab Chair of Islamic Studies
  134. 1988 Marijn van Putten b. 1988 · Netherlands Historical linguist of Arabic and the Qurʾānic text
  135. 2009 Alain George United Kingdom Historian of Islamic art and calligraphy
  136. 2009 Shady Hekmat Nasser United States / United Kingdom Scholar of Qur'anic studies; Associate Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard
  137. 2010 Michael Marx Germany Islamic studies scholar
  138. 2011 Emad Hamdeh United States Scholar of Arabic and Islamic studies; Associate Professor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
  139. 2012 Mohammad Hassan Khalil United States Scholar of Islamic studies
  140. 2014 Shabir Ally Canada Muslim speaker and scholar of Qur'anic exegesis; president of the Islamic Information and Dawah Centre International
  141. 2016 Caner Dagli United States Scholar of Islamic thought
  142. 2016 Nazir Khan Canada Physician
  143. 2016 Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research Irving, Texas, United States Research institute
  144. 2017 Asma Hilali France Scholar of early Qurʾānic manuscripts and Islamic history
  145. 2017 Mohammad Elshinawy United States Islamic studies instructor
  146. 2017 Tesneem Alkiek United States Scholar of Islamic law
  147. 2018 Shoaib Ahmed Malik Pakistan, United Kingdom Theologian and lecturer in science and religion
  148. 2019 Hatem al-Haj United States Pediatrician
  149. 2019 Mohsen Goudarzi United States Scholar of Qurʾānic studies
  150. 2020 Hythem Sidky United States Scholar of Qurʾānic manuscripts; Executive Director
  151. 2020 Osman Umarji United States Educational psychologist
  152. 2022 Ummatics Institute United States Research institute
  153. 2023 Tom Facchine United States Imam
  154. 2023 Usaama al-Azami United Kingdom Lecturer in contemporary Islamic studies
الجديد

Recently added

New authors and works, newest first.

All updates →RSS
  1. Hafiz Muhammad Zubair New author · 75 works 1 November 2026
  2. Hafiz Muhammad Zubair New author · 2 works 1 November 2026
  3. Rahmatullah Kairanawi New author · 1 work 29 October 2026
  4. Alija Izetbegović Added · 1 work 28 October 2026
  5. Maryam Jameelah Added · 1 work 28 October 2026
  6. Abul Aʿlā Mawdūdī Added · 80 works 27 October 2026
  7. Zakir Naik New author · 18 works 27 October 2026
  8. Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi New author · 14 works 27 October 2026
  9. Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al Baz New author · 13 works 27 October 2026
  10. Mohammed al-Ghazali New author · 13 works 27 October 2026
  11. Muhammad al-Mukhtar al-Shinqiti New author · 12 works 27 October 2026
  12. Wael Hallaq Added · 12 works 27 October 2026
  13. Omar Suleiman Added · 10 works 27 October 2026
  14. Muhammad al-Hasan al-Diddu New author · 8 works 27 October 2026
  15. Sami Ameri New author · 8 works 27 October 2026
  16. Abd al-Hamid ibn Badis New author · 4 works 27 October 2026
المواضيع

Browse by subject

16 subjects, each with a reading path to begin with.

All subjects →
  1. Qurʾānic studies Interpretation and study of the Qurʾān. 569 works
  2. Hadith studies The transmission, criticism and authority of the Prophet’s sayings and example. 383 works
  3. Islamic law Sharia, fiqh, legal theory and their modern interpretation. 499 works
  4. Islam and modernity How Muslim thinkers have responded to modern ideas, science and society. 1305 works
  5. Colonialism and decolonisation Muslim thought under empire and after independence. 85 works
  6. Women and gender Writing on women, gender and the family. 128 works
  7. Philosophy and theology Kalām, philosophy, metaphysics and belief. 800 works
  8. Political thought The state, authority, the caliphate and political movements. 840 works
  9. Sufism Mysticism, spirituality and the Sufi orders. 363 works
  10. Economics Islamic economics, finance and social justice. 123 works
  11. Slavery and race Slavery, emancipation and race in Islamic history and law. 25 works
  12. Education Learning, institutions and the reform of education. 404 works
  13. Psychology and mental health Islamic perspectives on the mind, emotions, mental health and wellbeing. 111 works
  14. Science and religion Islam and the natural sciences, technology, evolution and the environment. 132 works
  15. Family and society Marriage, parenting, community and Muslim social life. 365 works
  16. Sira and history The life of the Prophet, Islamic history, biography, memoir and travel writing. 204 works

From the archive

العصور

Browse by era

6 periods, from the Nahda to today.

Whole library →
  1. Reform & Renewal 1850–1900 An age of Islamic intellectual revival, educational reform, resistance to colonial expansion, and renewed engagement with classical scholarship. 11 authors
  2. Empire & Transition 1900–1924 The final decades of the Ottoman Caliphate, growing Muslim reform movements, political upheaval, and debates over unity, identity, and governance. 16 authors
  3. Post-Caliphate Era 1924–1947 Following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate, Muslim scholars and movements reexamined Islamic governance, religious identity, and paths toward independence. 39 authors
  4. Revival & Independence 1947–1979 The emergence of independent Muslim-majority states, expansion of Islamic educational institutions, and renewed debates over religion, society, and modernity. 87 authors
  5. Global Islamic Resurgence 1979–2000 A period of expanding Islamic movements, global scholarly networks, political transformation, and renewed interest in Islamic law, identity, and thought. 103 authors
  6. Contemporary Islam 2000–today Islamic scholarship in the digital age, connecting classical traditions with contemporary questions, global Muslim communities, and emerging intellectual debates. 114 authors