Slavery and race

Quṭb, Muḥammad. Shubuhāt ḥawla al-Islām. 1954. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/Al-Basira.23. Archived 15 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/muhammad-qutb/#muhammad-qutb-shubuhat-hawla-al-islam

Quṭb, Muḥammad. Mādhā yuʿṭī al-Islām li-l-bashariyya. 1977. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/Al-Basira.1. Archived 15 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/muhammad-qutb/#muhammad-qutb-madha-yuti-al-islam-li-l-bashariyya

Wadud, Amina. Towards a Qur'anic Hermeneutics of Social Justice: Race, Class and Gender. 1995. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/amina-wadud/#amina-wadud-towards-a-quranic-hermeneutics-of-social-justice-race

Wadud, Amina. American Muslim Identity: Race and Ethnicity in Progressive Islam. 2003. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/amina-wadud/#amina-wadud-american-muslim-identity-race-and-ethnicity-in-progressive

Jackson, Sherman. Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection. 2005. Internet Archive (borrowable), https://archive.org/details/islamblackameric0000jack. Archived 19 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/sherman-jackson/#sherman-jackson-islam-and-the-blackamerican-looking-toward-the-third

Jackson, Sherman. Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering. 2009. Internet Archive (borrowable), https://archive.org/details/islamproblemofbl0000jack. Archived 19 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/sherman-jackson/#sherman-jackson-islam-and-the-problem-of-black-suffering

Ali, Kecia. Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. 2010. Archived 19 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/kecia-ali/#kecia-ali-marriage-and-slavery-in-early-islam

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Slavery and Islam: What is Slavery?. 2017. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/slavery-and-islam-what-is-slavery. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#yq-slavery-and-islam-what-is-slavery

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Slavery and Islam. 2019. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#jonathan-brown-slavery-and-islam

Soubani, Nour. What is Islamophobia? Race, Power, and the Roots of Anti-Muslim Discrimination. 2019. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/what-is-islamophobia-race-power-and-the-roots-of-anti-muslim-discrimination. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-what-is-islamophobia-race-power-and-the-roots-of-anti

Aljunied, Khairudin. A Global Model: The Mythicization and Mobilization of Malcolm X in the Malay World. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-mythicization-and-mobilization-of-malcolm-x-in-the-malay-world. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-the-mythicization-and-mobilization-of-malcolm-x-in-the-malay

Umarji, Osman. Being Black and Muslim in America: A Study on Identity and Well-Being. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/being-black-and-muslim-in-america. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/osman-umarji/#yq-being-black-and-muslim-in-america

Research, Yaqeen Institute for Islamic. Black and Muslim: How Chaplains Can Empower Marginalized Students. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/black-and-muslim-how-chaplains-can-empower-marginalized-students. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-black-and-muslim-how-chaplains-can-empower-marginalized-students

Lateef, Husain. Insights for Muslim American Youth Development: Culturally-Centered Youth Approaches in the Black American Community. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/insights-for-muslim-american-youth-development. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-insights-for-muslim-american-youth-development

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyāʾ as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization. 2020. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajames/36/2/36_29/_article/-char/en. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#slavery-and-sufism-hilyat-al-awliya

Abdurrashid, Khalil. The Black Muslim American Mayor in the Home of the KKK. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-black-muslim-american-mayor-in-the-home-of-the-kkk. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-the-black-muslim-american-mayor-in-the-home-of-the

Suleiman, Omar. When the Sahaba Met a Racist King. 2020. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/when-the-sahaba-met-a-racist-king-virtual-khutbah. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/omar-suleiman/#yq-when-the-sahaba-met-a-racist-king-virtual-khutbah

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Islam and Anti-Blackness: Leaving Ignorance Behind. 2021. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/islam-and-anti-blackness-leaving-ignorance-behind. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#yq-islam-and-anti-blackness-leaving-ignorance-behind

Hamdeh, Emad. Mawālī: How Freed Slaves and Non-Arabs Contributed to Islamic Scholarship. 2021. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/mawali-how-freed-slaves-and-non-arabs-contributed-to-islamic-scholarship. Archived 16 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/emad-hamdeh/#emad-hamdeh-mawali-freed-slaves-and-non-arabs

Hamdeh, Emad. Mawālī: How Freed Slaves and Non-Arabs Contributed to Islamic Scholarship. 2021. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/mawali-how-freed-slaves-and-non-arabs-contributed-to-islamic-scholarship. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/emad-hamdeh/#yq-mawali-how-freed-slaves-and-non-arabs-contributed-to-islamic

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Slavery: A Source of Theological Tension. 2021. https://buildingbridges.georgetown.edu/publications/a-world-of-inequalities-christian-and-muslim-perspectives. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#slavery-a-source-of-theological-tension

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Islam and Blackness. 2022. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#jonathan-brown-islam-and-blackness

Walid, Dawud. How to Deal With Racism: Lessons From West African Scholars’ Tafsīr of Sūrah al-Ḥujurāt. 2023. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/how-to-overcome-racism-lessons-from-west-african-scholars-tafsir-of-surat-al-hujurat. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/yaqeen-institute/#yq-how-to-overcome-racism-lessons-from-west-african-scholars-tafsir

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Review of Bernard K. Freamon, Possessed by the Right Hand. 2023. https://brill.com/view/journals/jie/7/1-2/article-p246_12.xml. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#review-possessed-by-the-right-hand

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Can People Sell Their Children into Slavery? Cultural Relativism vs. Universality in Islamic Jurisprudence. 2024. https://trasisblog.unibe.ch/?p=331. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#can-people-sell-their-children-into-slavery

Brown, Jonathan A. C.. Slavery and Emancipation in the Sharia: The Islamic Framework for Ethical Treatment of Slaves in the Minhāj fī shuʿab al-īmān of al-Ḥalīmī. 2024. Yaqeen Institute, https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/slavery-and-emancipation-in-the-sharia-the-islamic-framework-for-ethical-treatment-of-slaves-in-the-minhaj-fi-shuab-al-iman-of-al-halimi. Archived 14 October 2026 in Islamic Internet Archives: Archive of Modern Islamic Thought. https://islamicarchives.org/authors/jonathan-brown/#yq-slavery-and-emancipation-in-the-sharia-the-islamic-framework-for